Avances en hormigón impreso en 3d: estado del arte y desafíos para la construcción modular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70208/3007.8245.v5.n3.223Palabras clave:
hormigón impreso en 3D, construcción modular, reología, unión inter-capa, refuerzo híbridoResumen
La impresión 3D de hormigón (3DCP) está revolucionando la construcción modular al reducir tiempos de ejecución, minimizar desperdicios y permitir geometrías optimizadas, aunque persisten retos en desempeño estructural, control de procesos y estandarización. Objetivo: sintetizar el estado del arte de 3DCP aplicado a construcción modular, identificando avances en materiales, procesos y desempeño, así como brechas y desafíos de implementación. Métodos: revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020, con criterios de elegibilidad predefinidos, búsquedas en ScienceDirect y MDPI (2019–2025), en inglés y español. Se incluyeron estudios revisados por pares con datos experimentales o prototipos a escala y se excluyeron editoriales y preprints no revisados. La síntesis narrativa se complementó con meta-análisis de efectos aleatorios y análisis por subgrupos según mezcla, plataforma y escala. Resultados: el control reológico (límite de fluencia y tixotropía) y la adhesión inter-capa son determinantes para la resistencia y estabilidad. Las adiciones minerales y fibras mejoran la buildability y la posfisuración, aunque pueden comprometer la extruibilidad. Se destacan avances en refuerzo híbrido, anclajes embebidos y estrategias de impresión que favorecen la modularización, con mejoras en productividad y reducción de residuos. Persisten variabilidades en tolerancias geométricas y propiedades a escala real, así como heterogeneidad metodológica que dificulta la transferencia a códigos. Conclusiones: el 3DCP muestra madurez creciente para elementos modulares; se requieren protocolos de control de calidad, estandarización de ensayos y evidencia robusta de durabilidad para su adopción industrial.
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